Yield Curve Inversion IndicatorIntroduction
The last time (as of this publishing) that this indicator detected an inverted interest rate yield curve was on February 20th, 2020 at 12:30pm EST, the afternoon before the S&P500 began one of its largest crashes in US history. The vast majority of major economic recessions since the 1950's have been preceded by an interest rate yield curve inversion. I created this indicator originally as an input to study the impacts of more conservative risk management on quantitative trading strategies following a yield curve inversion event. It is being shared with the community as a quick indicator to check to see the comparative status of short term and long term interest rates, and as an indicator where you can easily check to see if we are experiencing an inverted yield curve in real-time.
Background of the significance of an inverted yield curve:
"What an inverted yield curve really means is that most investors believe that short-term interest rates are going to fall sharply at some point in the future. As a practical matter, recessions usually cause interest rates to fall. Historically, inversions of the yield curve have preceded recessions in the U.S. Due to this historical correlation, the yield curve is often seen as a way to predict the turning points of the business cycle. When the yield curve inverts, short-term interest rates become higher than long-term rates. This type of yield curve is the rarest of the three main curve types and is considered to be a predictor of economic recession. Because of the rarity of yield curve inversions, they typically draw attention from all parts of the financial world." (www.investopedia.com)
Settings and Usage
This indicator pulls in pricing data from tickers that represent short term and long term interest rates, and compares them. The red line represents short term interest rates, and the green line represents long term interest rates. When the red line is above the green line, it indicates that we are experiencing a yield curve inversion. Small blue crosses also appear on the bottom of the indicator during an inversion to further highlight the event visually. This indicator pulls in the same information on the same two interest rate tickers regardless of what chart it is applied to.
Other Thoughts
This script uses the f_secureSecurity function as a best practice. For those that are versed in PineScript, code from this indicator could be adapted to be applied to an interest rate chart that allows custom alerts to be created the moment that there is an inverted interest rate yield curve.
펀더멘털 어낼리시스
Percentile - Price vs FundamentalsThis is done in the same lines of below scripts
Drawdown-Price-vs-Fundamentals
Drawdown-Range
Instead of using drawdown, here we are only plotting percentile of drawdown. Also added few more fundamental stats to the indicator. Also using part of the code from Random-Color-Generator/ to automatically generate colors. This in turn uses code from @RicardoSantos for convering color based on HSL to RGB
This is how the study can be used:
Study plots percentile of price and each of the listed fundamentals based on history. History can be chose All time or particular window. If any fundamental or price is near 100 - which means it is nearer to its peak. And if something is near its bottom, it is nearer to its 0th percentile.
Price of the stock is considered undervalued based on historical levels when it is below most of the fundamentals. Price is considered overvalued based on historical levels when it is above all the fundamentals. Please note, being undervalued does not guarantee immediate mean reversion. Stocks can stay undervalued for prolonged time and can go further down. Similarly overvalued stock can stay overvalued for prolonged time before correcting itself or justifying the position. Hence, further discretion needs to be used while using this study.
Few examples:
AMZN seems to be trading in range and so are the fundamentals:
MSFT at peak along with half of the fundamentals. But, debt levels are going up along with margins reducing.
LPX is trading at 15% discount whereas most of the fundamentals are at the peak.
FLGT price seems to have gone down further whereas fundamentals look pretty healthy.
Drawdown RangeHello death eaters, presenting a unique script which can be used for fundamental analysis or mean reversion based trades.
Process of deriving this table is as below:
Find out ATH for given day
Calculate the drawdown from ATH for the day and drawdown percentage
Based on the drawdown percentage, increment the count of basket which is based on input iNumber of ranges . For example, if number of ranges is 5, then there will be 5 baskets. First basket will fit drawdown percentage 0-20% and each subsequent ones will accommodate next 20% range.
Repeat the process from start to last bar. Once done, table will plot how much percentage of days belong to which basket.
For example, from the below chart of NASDAQ:AAPL
We can deduce following,
Historically stock has traded within 1% drawdown from ATH for 6.59% of time. This is the max amount of time stock has stayed in specific range of drawdown from ATH.
Stock has traded at the drawdown range of 82-83% from ATH for 0.17% of time. This is the least amount of time the stock has stayed in specific range of drawdown from ATH.
At present, stock is trading 2-3% below ATH and this has happened for about 2.46% of total days in trade
Maximum drawdown the stock has suffered is 83%
Lets take another example of NASDAQ:TSLA
Stock is trading at 21-22% below ATH. But, historically the max drawdown range where stock has traded is within 0-1%. Now, if we make this range to show 20 divisions instead of 100, it will look something like this:
Table suggests that stock is trading about 20-25% below ATH - which is right. But, table also suggests that stock has spent most number of days within this drawdown range when we divide it by 20 baskets instad of 100. I would probably wait for price to break out of this range before going long or short. At present, it seems a stage ranging stage. I might think about selling PUTs or covered CALLs outside this range.
Similarly, if you look at AMEX:SPY , 36% of the time, price has stayed within 5% from ATH - makes it a compelling bull case!!
NYSE:BABA is trading at 50-55% below ATH - which is the most it has retraced so far. In general, it is used to be within 15-20% from ATH
NOW, Bit of explanation on input options.
Number of Ranges : Says how many baskets the drawdown map needs to be divided into.
Reference : You can take ATH as reference or chose a time window between which the highest need to be considered for drawdown. This can be useful for megacaps which has gone beyond initial phase of uncertainity. There is no point looking at 80% drawdown AAPL had during 1990s. More approriate to look at it post 2000s where it started making higher impact and growth.
Cumulative Percentage : When this is unchecked, percentage division shows 0-nth percentage instad of percentage ranges. For example this is how it looks on SPY:
We can see that SPY has remained within 6% from ATH for more than 50% of the time.
Hope this is helpful. Happy trading :)
PS: this can be used in conjunction with Drawdown-Price-vs-Fundamentals to pick value stocks at discounted price while also keeping an eye on range tendencies of it.
Thanks to @mattX5 for the ideas and discussion today :)
Drawdown - Price vs FundamentalsIn this study, we are trying to compare drawdown from ATH of price and fundamentals to understand if price drawdown is really justifyable or if this is the buying opportunity.
For example, NYSE:BABA in the chart below shows that price has come down by more than 50%. But, the fundamentals has not changed upto this extent.
This may be viewed as buying opportunity from the eyes of fundamental based trader.
Similarly NYSE:LPX is trading at 15% below ATH whereas fundamentals are at peak. This again can be considered as buying opportunity.
NASDAQ:AAPL on the other hand is trading almost near ATH whereas fundamentals are having higher drawdown.
Well, this is just one factor to consider. I am about to release another script which can demonstrate amount of time (in terms of percentage) instrument trades at certain drawdown range. This looks something like this:
These two scripts can be used in conjunction to define your fundamental based trade.
I can add more funcamentals to the list. But, the higher value of fundamental should correlate to better position. Hence we cannot use things such as PE (which inversely correlates to value). Also need to keep the factor which includes total number of shares in it so that it is not affected by share dilution. Hence, have considered Total Revenue per Share instead of Total Revenue in this script.
Thanks to @mattX5 for suggesting fundamental based ideas in this line :)
Fundamnetals + Strength + RiskManagementCreated indicator to help investors by providing fundamental, technical and Risk Management information on screen for better decision making
you can see
Fundamentals
- Solvency,
- Liquidity
- Growth,
- Profitability
- Patrioski Score
- Altman Z-Score
Technicals
- MAs
- Oscillators
Risk Management
- Position Size
- Stop Loss
- Total Investment
Relative Fundamental ComparisonWhen dealing with stocks, I like to review basic fundamentals of the company. This script displays the fundamental ratios of base chart stock with three other stocks (I can’t increase the number due to security function limitations). I found it particularly important when dealing with an unknown company. I quickly compare the company with other industry leaders to get a comparative fundamental review.
I am very new to Pinescript, so waiting for your comments and review.
Financials on Chart█ OVERVIEW
This indicator displays your choice of up to 9 fundamentals on your chart.
█ FEATURES
You can configure the following attributes of the display:
• Its position on your chart.
• Automatic or custom height and width of rows.
• The size and color of text.
• The default background color (you can override it with a custom color for individual values).
• Conversion of values expressed in USD to one of the major currencies. Financials are normally expressed in quote currency.
Conversion to other currencies is only done when the symbol's quote currency is USD.
• Choose if the currency used for the financials is displayed. Note that some financials are calculated values that are not expressed in currency units.
No currency will be displayed for these values.
• Abbreviate large values.
For each value, you may:
• Pick one of the 222 financials available in Pine, or one of five values calculated from the financials (Market Cap, Earnings Yield, P/B Ratio, P/E Ratio and Price-To-Sales Ratio).
• Choose a period (see the "i" icon near the first value's fields in the script's inputs for a list of exceptions).
• Specify the value's precision.
• Change the legend displayed with the value.
• Adjust the text's size.
• Use a custom background.
█ LIMITATIONS
When changing the indicator's inputs, allow a few seconds for the change to be reflected in the display.
If your chart displays a symbol for which the configured financials cannot be fetched, an error will occur.
Not all periods are available for all fundamentals or for all markets. What financial data is available in Pine? will give you an overview of the available periods for each value. The page also contains the formulas used for the five values we calculate from the financials. This page shows the typical reporting frequency for different countries .
█ FINANCIALS
See What is Financial Data? and Why does Financial Data differ from other sources? for more information on the data used by this indicator.
This lists all the financials. Clicking on one will bring up more information about it:
CALCULATED
Market Capitalization
Earnings Yield
Price Book Ratio
Price Earnings Ratio
Price-To-Sales Ratio
INCOME STATEMENTS
After tax other income/expense
Average basic shares outstanding
Other COGS
Cost of goods
Deprecation and amortization
Diluted net income available to common stockholders
Diluted shares outstanding
Dilution adjustment
Discontinued operations
Basic EPS
Diluted EPS
EBIT
EBITDA
Equity in earnings
Gross profit
Taxes
Interest capitalized
Interest expense on debt
Non-controlling/minority interest
Net income before discontinued operations
Net income
Non-operating income, excl. interest expenses
Interest expense, net of interest capitalized
Non-operating interest income
Operating income
Operating expenses (excl. COGS)
Miscellaneous non-operating expense
Other operating expenses, total
Preferred dividends
Pretax equity in earnings
Pretax income
Research & development
Selling/general/admin expenses, other
Selling/general/admin expenses, total
Non-operating income, total
Total operating expenses
Total revenue
Unusual income/expense
BALANCE SHEET
Accounts payable
Accounts receivable - trade, net
Accrued payroll
Accumulated depreciation, total
Additional paid-in capital/Capital surplus
Tangible book value per share
Book value per share
Capitalized lease obligations
Capital and operating lease obligations
Cash & equivalents
Cash and short term investments
Common equity, total
Common stock par/Carrying value
Current portion of LT debt and capital leases
Deferred income, current
Deferred income, non-current
Deferred tax assets
Deferred tax liabilities
Dividends payable
Goodwill, net
Income tax payable
Net intangible assets
Inventories - finished goods
Inventories - progress payments & other
Inventories - raw materials
Inventories - work in progress
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries
Long term debt excl. lease liabilities
Long term debt
Long term investments
Note receivable - long term
Other long term assets, total
Minority interest
Notes payable
Operating lease liabilities
Other common equity
Other current assets, total
Other current liabilities
Other intangibles, net
Other investments
Other liabilities, total
Other receivables
Other short term debt
Paid in capital
Gross property/plant/equipment
Net property/plant/equipment
Preferred stock, carrying value
Prepaid expenses
Provision for risks & charge
Retained earnings
Short term debt excl. current portion of LT debt
Short term debt
Short term investments
Shareholders' equity
Total assets
Total current assets
Total current liabilities
Total debt
Total equity
Total inventory
Total liabilities
Total liabilities & shareholders' equities
Total non-current assets
Total non-current liabilities
Total receivables, net
Treasury stock - common
CASHFLOW
Amortization
Capital expenditures - fixed assets
Capital expenditures
Capital expenditures - other assets
Cash from financing activities
Cash from investing activities
Cash from operating activities
Deferred taxes (cash flow)
Depreciation & amortization (cash flow)
Change in accounts payable
Change in accounts receivable
Change in accrued expenses
Change in inventories
Change in other assets/liabilities
Change in taxes payable
Changes in working capital
Common dividends paid
Depreciation/depletion
Free cash flow
Funds from operations
Issuance/retirement of debt, net
Issuance/retirement of long term debt
Issuance/retirement of other debt
Issuance/retirement of short term debt
Issuance/retirement of stock, net
Net income (cash flow)
Non-cash items
Other financing cash flow items, total
Financing activities - other sources
Financing activities - other uses
Other investing cash flow items, total
Investing activities - other sources
Investing activities - other uses
Preferred dividends paid
Purchase/acquisition of business
Purchase of investments
Repurchase of common & preferred stock
Purchase/sale of business, net
Purchase/sale of investments, net
Reduction of long term debt
Sale of common & preferred stock
Sale of fixed assets & businesses
Sale/maturity of investments
Issuance of long term debt
Total cash dividends paid
STATISTICS
Accruals
Altman Z-score
Asset turnover
Beneish M-score
Buyback yield %
Cash conversion cycle
Cash to debt ratio
COGS to revenue ratio
Current ratio
Days sales outstanding
Days inventory
Days payable
Debt to assets ratio
Debt to EBITDA ratio
Debt to equity ratio
Debt to revenue ratio
Dividend payout ratio %
Dividend yield %
Dividends per share - common stock primary issue
EPS estimates
EPS basic one year growth
EPS diluted one year growth
EBITDA margin %
Effective interest rate on debt %
Enterprise value to EBITDA ratio
Enterprise value
Equity to assets ratio
Enterprise value to EBIT ratio
Enterprise value to revenue ratio
Float shares outstanding
Free cash flow margin %
Fulmer H factor
Goodwill to assets ratio
Graham's number
Gross margin %
Gross profit to assets ratio
Interest coverage
Inventory to revenue ratio
Inventory turnover
KZ index
Long term debt to total assets ratio
Net current asset value per share
Net income per employee
Net margin %
Number of employees
Operating earnings yield %
Operating margin %
PEG ratio
Piotroski F-score
Price earnings ratio forward
Price sales ratio forward
Price to free cash flow ratio
Price to tangible book ratio
Quality ratio
Quick ratio
Research & development to revenue ratio
Return on assets %
Return on equity adjusted to book value %
Return on equity %
Return on invested capital %
Return on tangible assets %
Return on tangible equity %
Revenue one year growth
Revenue per employee
Revenue estimates
Shares buyback ratio %
Sloan ratio %
Springate score
Sustainable growth rate
Tangible common equity ratio
Tobin's Q (approximate)
Total common shares outstanding
Zmijewski score
█ NOTES
This script uses the Pine financial() function to fetch the values it displays.
Look first. Then leap.
Horizontal line for Market open price by NB(ENG)
Since meaningful movements starts based on the first bar of the market's opening time
(usually GMT + 0), this indicator is creat to be used as a tool to use it as support and resistance.
Look at the bar of just 15 minutes passed after market opened, and when the bar closed with positive candlestick then
draw horizontal line at high price, when the bar closed negative candlestick then draw horizontal line at low price.
I use diffrent colors to help visualization.
If you look these at from a distance, you can see sections that are tightly entangled and sections those are not.
This makes it possible to distinguish between strong and weak support/resistance sections.
For convenience, I put only color and transparency adjustments. No future upgrades are planned.
Thanks to ADOL_ for this great idea, and also to Bjorn Mistiaen for helping me to make the source code.
(KOR)
마켓의 오픈 시간(보통 GMT 0시)에 첫 바를 기준으로 의미 있는 움직임이 시작되기에
이를 지지와 저항으로 활용하는 도구로 쓰기 위하여 만든 지표입니다.
GMT 0시 15분 봉 마감 기준으로, 양봉이면 그 양봉의 고점을 이어 가로줄을 긋고,
음봉이면 저점을 이어 가로줄을 긋습니다. 서로 색을 달리하여 시각화를 돕습니다.
이를 멀리서 보면 촘촘히 얽힌 구간이 나오고 그렇지 않은 구간이 나옵니다.
이를 통해 지지/저항이 강한 구간과 약한 구간을 구별할 수가 있습니다.
편의를 돕기 위해 색과 투명도 조절까지만 넣어 놓았습니다.
추후 업그레이드는 예정되어 있지 않습니다.
이 대단한 아이디어를 주신 ADOL_에게 감사드리며,
소스 코드를 만들게 해주신 Bjorn Mistiaen에게도 감사를 드립니다.
SPX Excess CAPE YieldHere we are looking at the Excess CAPE yield for the SPX500 over the last 100+ years
"A higher CAPE meant a lower subsequent 10-year return, and vice versa. The R-squared was a phenomenally high 0.9 — the CAPE on its own was enough to explain 90% of stocks’ subsequent performance over a decade. The standard deviation was 1.37% — in other words, two-thirds of the time the prediction was within 1.37 percentage points of the eventual outcome: this over a quarter-century that included an equity bubble, a credit bubble, two epic bear markets, and a decade-long bull market."
assets.bwbx.io
In December of 2020 Dr. Robert Shiller the Yale Nobel Laurate suggested that an improvement on CAPE could be made by taking its inverse (the CAPE earnings yield) and subtracting the us10 year treasury yield.
"His model plainly suggests that stocks will do badly over the next 10 years, and that bonds will do even worse. This was the way Shiller put it in a research piece for Barclays Plc in October, (which can be found on SSRN Below):
In summary, investors expect a certain return in equities as compensation for investing in a riskier asset class, and as interest rates have declined, the relative expected return for equities has increased dramatically. We believe this may quantitatively help to explain investors current preference for equities over bonds, and as such the quick recoveries we are observing (with the exception of the UK), whilst still in the midst of a pandemic. In the US in particular, we are once again observing stretched valuations and high CAPE ratios compared to history."
Sources:
papers.ssrn.com
www.bloomberg.com
The standard trading view disclaimer applies to this post -- please consult your own investment advisor before making investment decisions. This post is for observation only and has no warranty etc. www.tradingview.com
Best,
JM
Outlier Detector with N-Sigma Confidence IntervalsA detrended series that oscilates around zero is obtained after first differencing a time series (i.e. subtracting the closing price for a candle from the one immediately before, for example). Hypothetically, assuming that every detrended closing price is independent of each other (what might not be true!), these values will follow a normal distribution with mean zero and unknown variance sigma squared (assuming equal variance, what is also probably not true as volatility changes over time for different pairs). After studentizing, they follow a Student's t-distribution, but as the sample size increases (back periods > 30, at least), they follow a standard normal distribution.
This script was developed for personal use and the idea is spotting candles that are at least 99% bigger than average (using N = 3) as they will cross the upper and lower confidence interval limits. N = 2 would roughly provide a 95% confidence interval.
Relative Growth ScreenBased on the Growth Range indicator published here:
Instead of plotting, they are printed in color coded table. Colors say whether the growth rate of these factors are relatively higher or lower.
Similar to quality screen, table positions can be customized.
If you have big enough screen, you can fit both quality and growth screens this way:
s3.tradingview.com
Value RangeHere is another attempt to chase value based on technical analysis.
This is extended version of PE range script published earlier.
Instead of just PE, this script contains several other factors which defines value. You can chose which factor to look at from input dialog:
Possible value factors included in this script are:
Price to Earnings
Price to Sales
Price to Book
PE - Forwarding
PS - Forwarding
Price to Cashflow
Enterprise Value to EBITDA
Enterprise Value to Cashflow
Some of these can be added to chart directly from financials. But, the script also calculate range based on donchian channel or bollinger bands. Instead of short periods, we are looking for periods in terms of years. Rest of things remain same.
ROE ValuationAn indicator that can be used to study ROE Valuation for stocks.
Red color means the market price is higher than the valuation whereas green color means the market price is below the valuation and it might be a good opportunity for value traders. Gray color indicates non-applicable results, when valuation is below zero for example.
PE ValuationAn indicator that can be used to study PE Valuation for stocks.
When the reported EPS for a company is non-positive the line turns gray. Red color means the market price is higher than the valuation whereas green color means the market price is below the valuation and it might be a good opportunity for value traders.
DCF ValuationAn indicator that can be used to study Discounted Cash Flow Valuation for stocks.
When the reported Free Cash Flow for a company is non-positive the line turns gray. Red color means the market price is higher than the valuation whereas green color means the market price is below the valuation and it might be a good opportunity for value traders.
Financial Highlights [Fundamentals]█ OVERVIEW
This indicator plot basic key financial data to imitate the presentation format of several popular finance site, make it easier for a quick glance of overall company financial health without switching tabs for every single stocks.
█ Financial Data Available:
- Revenue & PAT (Profit after Tax)
- Net Profit Margin (%)
- Gross Profit Margin (%)
- Earnings Per Share (EPS)
- Dividend
█ Features:
- Toggle between Quarter/Annual Financial Data (Notes: For Dividends, it will always be plotted based on Annual data, at Financial Year ending period)
- Options to plot at either at Quarter/Yearly ending period OR Financial Data published date
█ Limitation
- The accuracy of the data subject to Tradingview's source, but from my observation it's accurate 95% of the time
- Recently published data might not be available immediately. e.g. MYX exchange tends to have 1-3 days lag
- More information on Tradingview's financial data can be read here -> www.tradingview.com
█ Disclaimer
Past performance is not an indicator of future results.
My opinions and research are my own and do not constitute financial advice in any way whatsoever.
Nothing published by me constitutes an investment recommendation, nor should any data or Content published by me be relied upon for any investment/trading activities.
I strongly recommends that you perform your own independent research and/or speak with a qualified investment professional before making any financial decisions.
Any ideas to further improve this indicator are welcome :)
Distance from the ATH priceThis indicator shows us the distance (in %) between the current price and the ATH price.
The closer the price is to the ATH the higher the percentage.
100% means we reached the ATH price.
HOW TO USE:
No special input necessary.
Markets:
It can be used to all markets.
NOTE:
Some Exchanges don't go very far back in the past and for this reason this may have impact on this Indicator.
Stock Value Display//This study is designed to plot estimates for a stock's value:
//1) the Price to earnings ratio (PE) value based on the trailing twelve months of data
//2) the PE value based future data
//3) the Benjamin Graham value based trailing data
//4) the Dividend Discount value based on trailing data
You can adjust the period of data used to calculate the value between Fiscal Quarter "FQ" and Fiscal Year "FY."
The values displayed on the chart are subject to the financial information provided to TradingView. This is intended to be used as a quick reference and should be viewed in context with other analysis prior to making any transaction decisions.
As always, happy trading!
P1 FundamentalsP1 is because to me, this is a priority 1 indicator, so I have P1 and P2 indicators ordered on the favorite list.
What can you check on the selection pane?
On “period”, you can show the data related to:
the fiscal quarters
or the fiscal years.
You can select a pack of financial data that I have organized in sections:
Revenue & earnings
EPS & DPS (EPS, EPS estimate, DPS and dividend payout ratio )
Debt (total debt, total equity and cash & equivalents)
Returns (ROE, ROIC, ROA and R&D revenue to ratio)
I recommend to just select one of them, in other case the chart is a mess.
Any feedback on the code is welcome!!
3 Weeks Tight - CANSLIM Technical Indicator3 Weeks Tight - Introduction
3 weeks tight is a bullish continuation pattern discovered by IBD's founder, William O'Neil.
The pattern can used as an opportunity to add to an existing position as it often occurs after a breakout above a cup with handle or other technical pattern.
The 3 weeks tight pattern forms when a stock closes within approximately 1% to 1.5% of the prior week's close for at least two weeks. The reason for the bullishness is that it indciates that investors who moved the stock upward in price since the breakout are not taking profits, the price is holding steady.
The buy point is just above the area of resistance formed at the highs of the three weeks plus 10 cents. The ten cent addition to the price is to ensure a push through the resistance at the high of the range.
Key Points:
It's preferred that closes for each week are in the upper half of the stock's range.
Ideally, volume will increase significantly as the stocks moves past the buy point.
This pattern generally performs best when the market is in an uptrend.
Features:
A configurable horizontal bar that spans the 3 week period.
A vertical band that highlights the tightness pattern.
A label to show the buy price after 3 week tight pattern.
Optional alert when the 3 weeks tight pattern is recognized.
Spitznagel Faustmann RatioThis is a rough version of the Faustmann Ratio metric that Mark Spitznagel presents in The Dao of Capital. The purpose is to conservatively calculate the price of the company (market cap) relative to net worth. Over a medium term horizon, the theory is that companies which have a high ROIC (see my other script) combined with a low Faustmann Ratio (color coded to give you a rough idea) should generally outperform. Please don't take this short summary as an excuse to not read the full book. It's well worth your time. (I am not affiliated with the author in any way.)
Spitznagel ROICThis is a rough version of the Return on Invested Capital metric that Mark Spitznagel presents in The Dao of Capital. The purpose is to calculate the return on real invested capital, conservatively calculated. Over a medium term horizon, the theory is that companies which have a high ROIC (presented here as a decimal value where 0.5 = 50%, 1 = 100%, etc., and color coded as a general guide) combined with a low Faustmann Ratio (see my other script) should generally outperform. Please don't take this short summary as an excuse to not read the full book. It's well worth your time. (I am not affiliated with the author in any way.)